Multigenerational consequences of aphid size on offspring phenotype and reproduction

In many organisms, phenotype and fitness are strongly influenced by both current environmental factors maternal effects. The low genetic variation, high phenotypic plasticity, telescoping generations seen in aphids permit us to investigate the relative importance potential interaction of environments on phenotype. Although past studies have identified an influence host plant offspring reproduction aphids, few demonstrated for these effects also interact with aphid's environment. By rearing multiple Aphis nerii (Fonscolombe) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) their common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca (L.) (Apocynaceae), we tested crowding quality aphid body size reproduction. Our results indicate that increased decreased density generations, additional direct, positive relationship between fecundity. We did not find evidence adaptive effects, e.g., production fewer, larger, stressed mothers. Instead, poor constrained Importantly, adverse were only where subsequent nymph population growth was allowed increase unchecked, likely reducing available resources. study thus demonstrates significance development can depend resource availability, shaping fecundity under stressful conditions. Incorporating this framework how respond may improve predictions is impacted limitation across generations.